Climate change and Global Warming //climate change//causes//impact//climate changes in india//global warming//causes of warming//effects of warming//difference between climate change and global warming

 CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL WARMING

Climate Change:

Climate Change refers to long-term changes in temperature, weather patterns, and other aspects of Earth’s climate system, largely driven by human activities.

Climate change includes both global warming (the long-term rise in Earth's average temperature) and the broader range of changes that are happening to our planet due to increased levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) like carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O).

Main Causes:

1. Burning Fossil Fuels

   • Coal, oil, and natural gas for electricity, heat, and transportation.

2. Deforestation

   • Fewer trees = less CO₂ absorbed from the atmosphere.

3. Agriculture & Livestock

   • Methane from cows and nitrous oxide from fertilized fields.

4. Industrial Processes

   • Emissions from manufacturing and chemical processes.

Impacts:

Rising Temperatures – Hotter global averages and more heatwaves.

Melting Ice – Shrinking glaciers and Arctic sea ice; sea level rise.

Extreme Weather – Stronger hurricanes, floods, droughts, and wildfires.

Ocean Changes – Warming oceans, coral bleaching, and acidification.

Ecosystem Disruption – Habitat loss, species extinction, and food insecurity.

Climate Changes in India:

1. Rising Temperatures

• Average temperature in India has increased by 0.7°C from 1901 to 2018, and is expected to rise further by 2.4–4.4°C by 2100.

• More frequent and intense heatwaves, especially in northern and central India (e.g., Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar).

• Increased heat-related illnesses and deaths, especially in urban poor populations.

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2. Changing Monsoon Patterns

• Southwest monsoon (June–September) is becoming more erratic.

• Fewer rainy days, but more extreme rainfall events leading to floods (e.g., in Assam, Kerala, Mumbai).

• Impacts on agriculture: Unpredictable rainfall reduces crop yields and increases farmer distress.

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3. Glacial Melting in the Himalayas

• Glaciers in the Himalayan region (e.g., Gangotri) are retreating rapidly.

• Threatens long-term water security for rivers like the Ganges, Yamuna, and Brahmaputra.

• Risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in states like Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh.

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4. Sea Level Rise and Coastal Impact

• India's 7,500 km coastline is at risk from sea level rise, storm surges, and coastal erosion.

• Cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, and Visakhapatnam face flooding and infrastructure damage.

• Saltwater intrusion threatens freshwater in Sundarbans, Goa, and Kerala.

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5. Extreme Weather Events

• Increasing number and intensity of cyclones in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea (e.g., Cyclone Amphan, Tauktae).

• Floods in Assam, droughts in Maharashtra, and landslides in Uttarakhand have become more frequent.

• Urban flooding due to poor drainage and heavy rainfall (e.g., Bengaluru, Hyderabad).

Global Warming:

Global Warming refers to the long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities, primarily the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O).

Causes of Global Warming:

1. Burning Fossil Fuels
   – Coal, oil, and gas are burned for electricity, heat, and transportation, releasing large amounts of CO₂.

2. Deforestation
   – Trees absorb CO₂. Cutting them down reduces this absorption and releases stored carbon.

3. Industrial Processes
   – Factories release various greenhouse gases during manufacturing and production.

4. Agriculture
   – Livestock (especially cows) emit methane, and fertilizers release nitrous oxide.

Effects of Global Warming:

1. Rising Temperatures
   – More frequent and intense heatwaves.

2. Melting Ice Caps & Glaciers
   – Causes sea levels to rise and alters ecosystems.

3. Extreme Weather Events
   – Increased storms, floods, droughts, and wildfires.

4. Ocean Changes
   – Ocean warming and acidification threaten marine life.

5. Biodiversity Loss
   – Many species cannot adapt to rapid changes in climate.

 Solutions to Combat Global Warming:

1. Switch to Renewable Energy (solar, wind, hydro)

2. Increase Energy Efficiency

3. Reforestation & Afforestation

4. Sustainable Agriculture

5. Carbon Pricing & Climate Policies

6. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

7. Public Awareness and Education

Different between climate change and global warming:

The terms Climate Change and Global Warming are closely related but have different meanings.

Global Warming

• Definition: The increase in Earth’s average surface temperature due to rising levels of greenhouse gases.

• Focus: Temperature rise only.

• Cause: Mainly human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation.

• Example: A 1.1°C rise in global temperature since the late 19th century.

Climate Change

• Definition: Long-term changes in climate patterns, including temperature, rainfall, wind, and weather events.

• Focus: Includes global warming, but also covers other changes like:

  • Changes in precipitation

  • More intense droughts or storms

  • Shifts in seasons

• Cause: Both natural factors (like volcanic eruptions, solar cycles) and human activities.

• Example: Increasing droughts in Africa, stronger hurricanes, or shifting monsoon patterns.

Aspect	Global Warming	Climate Change
Focus	Rising temperatures	Changes in overall climate
Scope	Narrow (just temperature)	Broad (temperature, rain, storms, etc.)
Cause	Human-induced greenhouse gases	Human + natural factors
Time Frame	Recent decades (since industrial era)	Long-term, includes past and future changes
Example	Arctic ice melting	Rising sea levels and more extreme weather

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