layers of earth//crust(outer layer)//mantle(beneath the crust)//outer core//Inner core// states//thickness//composition//function//pressure//temperature//function

LAYERS OF EARTH

The Earth is made up of four main layers, each with distinct properties, composition, and physical states.

🌍 1. Crust (Outermost Layer)

The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth. It is made of solid rock and forms the land (continents) and ocean floors.

• State: Solid

• Thickness:

  • Oceanic crust: ~5–10 km

  • Continental crust: ~30–70 km

•  Oceanic crust (thinner, denser, under oceans)

• Continental crust (thicker, less dense, forms land)

• Composition: Mostly silicate rocks (basalt in oceanic, granite in continental)

• Interesting Fact: Makes up less than 1% of Earth's total volume 

• Outermost layer

• Solid rock (includes continents and ocean floors)

• Thinnest layer (5–70 km thick)

• Made mostly of silicon, oxygen, aluminum, and other minerals

• Supports all life and Earth's surface features (mountains, valleys, etc.)

🔥 2. Mantle (Beneath the crust)

The mantle is the layer beneath the Earth's crust and is the thickest layer, making up about 84% of Earth's volume.

• State: Solid but behaves plastically in the upper mantle (like hot putty)

• Thickness: ~2,900 km

• Divided into:

  • Upper Mantle (includes asthenosphere)

• Lower Mantle

• Composition: Silicate rocks rich in magnesium and iron (e.g., peridotite)

• Convection Currents: Drive plate tectonics by moving heat and material.

• Beneath the crust

• Semi-solid rock that flows slowly

• Divided into upper and lower mantle

• About 2,900 km thick

The mantle plays a major role in Earth's geology, including volcanic activity and plate movement.

🧲 3. Outer Core

The outer core is the layer beneath the mantle and surrounds the inner core. It is made of liquid metal, mainly iron and nickel.

• State: Liquid

• Thickness: ~2,200 km

• Composition: Mostly iron and nickel

• Function: Movement of the liquid metal generates Earth's magnetic field.

• Made of liquid iron and nickel

• Responsible for Earth’s magnetic field

• Around 2,200 km thick

• Liquid layer (unlike the solid inner core)

• Extremely hot: 4,000°C to 6,000°C

• Movement of liquid metal creates Earth's magnetic field

• High pressure but not enough to make it solid

The outer core is crucial for protecting Earth from harmful solar radiation through the magnetic field it generates.

🔴 4. Inner Core

The inner core is the centermost layer of the Earth. It is made of solid iron and nickel.

• State: Solid (despite extreme heat)

• Radius: ~1,220 km

• Composition: Mostly iron and nickel

• Temperature: Up to 5,700°C (as hot as the Sun’s surface)

• Pressure: So high it keeps the core solid despite the heat.

• Solid iron and nickel

• Hottest layer (up to 5,700°C)

• About 1,220 km thick

• Slowly grows as the outer core cools and solidifies over time

The inner core helps maintain Earth's magnetic field and plays a key role in the planet’s thermal and magnetic dynamics.

Summary Table:

Layer	State	Thickness	Composition
Crust	Solid	5–70 km	Silicates (granite, basalt)
Mantle	Solid (plastic)	~2,900 km	Silicates (peridotite)
Outer Core	Liquid	~2,200 km	Iron, Nickel
Inner Core	Solid	~1,220 km radius	Iron, Nickel

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